Multi-objective optimization for a combined location-routing-inventory system considering carbon-capped differences

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>A combined location-routing-inventory system (CLRIS) in a three-echelon supply chain network is studied with environmental considerations. Specifically, bi-objective mixed integer programming model formulated for the CLRIS to deal trade-offs between total cost and carbon-capped difference (CCD). A multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) heuristic solution procedure developed implemented solve problem. The MOPSO are applied real-life problem as an illustrative example. approximate nondominated frontier formed by solutions not dominated others can be used decision makers make CCD. Sensitivity analyses conducted, relationship among carbon cap, CCD, prices examined, relevant managerial insights provided. Comparisons other existing algorithms show that MSPSO has very good performance.</p>